Energy Storage Catalog

Every battery, vault and reservoir compared by energy density, leak rate, round-trip efficiency and cost. The right storage depends on what kind of energy you're holding and for how long.

Key storage types

• Electrochemical — lithium-ion, lead-acid, flow batteries.
• Mechanical — pumped hydro, flywheels, compressed air.
• Thermal — molten salt, ice, hot water tanks.
• Chemical — hydrogen, ammonia, hydrocarbons.
• Monetary — savings, bonds, equities, real estate, Bitcoin.
• Skills & relationships — the highest-density, lowest-leak storage humans have access to.